Santie botha biography of mahatma gandhi

Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Los Angeles Times. ProQuest Gandhi Ashram. Rediscovering Gandhi. Gandhian studies and peace research series in Maltese. Archived from the original on 6 August Asian Spiritualities and Social Transformation. Springer Nature. Archived from the original on 10 August Retrieved 10 August The sheer vagueness and contradictions recurrent throughout his writing made it easier to accept him as a saint than to fathom the challenge posed by his demanding beliefs.

Gandhi saw no harm in self-contradictions: life was a series of experiments, and any principle might change if Truth so dictated. Stuart Brown; et al. Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers. Bruce Journal of Indian History. Religious Studies. Gandhi's Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony. Retrieved 13 January Gier State University of New York Press.

Retrieved 1 June Archived from the original on 21 November Archived from the original on 30 July The Gandhi-King Community. Archived from the original on 11 August The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi. Ahemadabad: Navajivan Mudranalaya. Archived from the original on 2 September Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. Archived PDF from the original on 28 January Satyagraha: Gandhi's approach to conflict resolution.

Retrieved 26 January Taras Liberal and Illiberal Nationalisms. In Jinnah opposed satyagraha and resigned from the Congress, boosting the fortunes of the Muslim League. The Man who Divided India. Popular Prakashan. Contemporary South Asia. Editions, First Edition, pp. Political Theory. Gandhi staked his reputation as an original political thinker on this specific issue.

Hitherto, violence had been used in the name of political rights, such as in street riots, regicide, or armed revolutions. Gandhi believes there is a better way of securing political rights, that of nonviolence, and that this new way marks an advance in political ethics. Young India. Gandhi: 3. Archived from the original on 19 October Retrieved 3 May Cited from Bormanpp.

Harvard University Press. Gandhi was the leading genius of the later, and ultimately successful, campaign for India's independence. India Today. Gandhi as a Author M. Archived from the original on 25 January Retrieved 25 January Archived from the original on 9 December Life Positive Plus, October—December The Wall Street Journal.

Archived from the original on 3 January Unto this Last: A paraphrase. Archived from the original on 30 October Gandhi Songs From Prison. Public Resource. Archived from the santie botha biography of mahatma gandhi on 29 October Retrieved 12 July SAGE Publications. The greatest of all national leaders and journalists of the independence movement was Mahatma Gandhi.

The Times Illustrated History of the World. Routledge Library Editions: WW2. Northern Book Centre. Archived from the original on 20 February Imaginations of Death and the Beyond in India and Europe. Springer Nature Singapore. Mahatma Gandhi, modern India's greatest icon, elevated his search for moksha above any of his social or political goals, including India's freedom from colonial rule.

Grand Central Publishing. Gandhi is not only the greatest figure in India's history, but his influence is felt in almost every aspect of life and public policy. Tribune India. BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 March Retrieved 21 December The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary. Addresses in Durban and Verulam referred to Gandhi as a 'Mahatma', 'great soul'.

He was seen as a great soul because he had taken up the poor's santie botha biography of mahatma gandhi. The whites too said good things about Gandhi, who predicted a future for the Empire if it respected justice. India-China Relations. Sunderlal Institute of Asian Studies. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting India.

Dutta, Krishna ed. Rabindranath Tagore: an anthology. Robinson, Andrew. From year to year I have known him intimately for over twenty years I have found him getting more and more selfless. He is now leading almost an ascetic sort of life — not the life of an ordinary ascetic that we usually see but that of a great Mahatma and the one idea that engrosses his mind is his motherland.

Gokhale, dated Rangoon, 8 NovemberFile No. Rabindranath followed suit and then the whole of India called him Mahatma Gandhi. But in when Gandhi was asked whether he was really a Mahatma Gandhi replied that he did not feel like one, and that, in any event, he could not define a Mahatma for he had never met any. Smithsonian National Postal Museum.

Archived from the original on 27 December Delhi: Ecco Press. Press Trust of India. Islamic Republic News Agency. Retrieved 5 June Public Division. The Economic Times. Brisbane Times. Archived from the original on 22 November Retrieved 7 April Monument Australia. Archived from the original on 7 April Minor Planet Center. Archived PDF from the original on 1 October Archived from the original on 8 November Retrieved 8 November Business Standard News.

Archived from the original on 26 December Archived from the original on 21 March Archived from the original on 14 April San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 18 January Capstone Press. Orbis Books. Embassy of the Czech Republic in Delhi. Archived from the original on 4 February Retrieved 4 February The Tribune. Archived from the original on 14 May Retrieved 12 March Archived from the original on 17 January Makers of Modern Africa: Profiles in History.

Published by Africa Journal Ltd. Retrieved 5 September Gandhi's prisoner? Permanent Black. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 8 February Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 28 May Archived from the original on 2 December Al Gore cited both Gandhi and Abraham Lincoln in a speech on climate change in He noted Gandhi's sense of satyagraha Associated Press.

Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 11 April Bloomsbury Publishing. UN News Centre. Archived from the original on 23 January Retrieved 2 April Letter of Peace addressed to the UN. Archived from the original on 1 November Retrieved 9 January Archived from the original on 27 February Retrieved 30 January Einstein: The Life and Times. Current Science.

December Archived PDF from the original on 16 July Retrieved 24 March Government Communication and Information System. Archived from the original on 28 December Retrieved 9 February American Friends Service Committee. Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 July Retrieved 5 August North American Vegetarian Society. Archived from the original on 13 April The Endurance of National Constitutions.

Archived from the original on 6 September Archived from the original on 7 January An Autobiography. Bodley Head. Reweaving the Web of Life: Feminism and Nonviolence. New Society Publishers. With love, Yours, Bapu You closed with the term of endearment used by your close friends, the term you used with all the movement leaders, roughly meaning 'Papa'.

Another letter written in shows similar tenderness and caring. Beacon Press. The Hindu. February Retrieved 21 September Channel of GandhiServe Foundation. Retrieved 30 December GandhiServe Foundatiom. Archived from the original on 31 December Public Culture. Duke University Press: — Archived PDF from the original on 21 March The Life of Mahatma Gandhi.

London: Johnathan Cape. Hinduism Today. Archived from the original on 4 July Archived from the original PDF on 4 March Britain and the World. Springer International Publishing. Writings on Glass: Essays, Interviews, Criticism. Words Without Music: A Memoir. Archived from the original on 22 June Live Mint. Archived from the original on 31 January The Australian.

Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 1 May Archived from the original on 2 February The Live Nagpur. Archived from the original on 7 May Retrieved 7 May Archived from the original on 24 May Contemporary issues in development economics. Archived from the original on 17 August Retrieved 22 January Archived from the original on 26 October Retrieved 5 November Press Information Bureau.

Retrieved 29 January The Rough Guide to South India. Rough Guides. Retrieved 21 January Hindustan Times. Retrieved 29 October Archived from the original on 19 August General and cited references. Ahmed, Talat Mohandas Gandhi: Experiments in Civil Disobedience. Barr, F. Mary Bapu: Conversations and Correspondence with Mahatma Gandhi 2nd ed.

Bombay: International Book House. OCLC Conquest of Violence: the Gandhian philosophy of conflict. Gandhi and Non-Violence. Brown, Judith Margaret Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope. Brown, Judith M. The Cambridge Companion to Gandhi ; 14 essays by scholars. Gandhi: a life. John Wiley. Gandhi and Philosophy: On Theological Anti-politics. Bloomsbury Academic, UK.

Dalton, Dennis Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action.

Santie botha biography of mahatma gandhi

Columbia University Press. Dalton, Dennis a. Dhiman, S. Easwaran, Eknath Nilgiri Press. Hook, Sue Vander Mahatma Gandhi: Proponent of Peace. Gandhi, Rajmohan Patel, A Life. Navajivan Pub. He famously rejected British goods, encouraged the production of homespun cloth, and led significant movements like the Salt March inwhich protested unjust salt laws.

His dietary choices, including vegetarianism and fasting, reflected his spiritual beliefs and commitment to non-violence, further cementing his role as a moral leader. Despite his efforts to unite diverse religious communities in India, his assassination in by a Hindu extremist highlighted the deep divisions within the country. His father, Karamchand Gandhi, served as a chief minister, while his mother, Putlibai, was a deeply religious woman who instilled values of spirituality and non-violence in him.

Initially, Gandhi was a timid and somewhat unremarkable student, struggling with confidence and societal expectations. Despite aspirations to become a doctor, family pressures guided him towards the legal profession, leading him to England in to study law. Gandhi's time in London was marked by his struggle to adapt to Western culture, alongside a growing commitment to vegetarianism and a deeper exploration of various religious philosophies.

This period was transformative for Gandhi, as he began to embrace values aligned with Jainism and Hinduism, including non-violence and simplicity. Returning to India in after his studies, he faced challenges as a lawyer, including a humiliating experience in court that accelerated his journey toward civil rights advocacy. This foundational stage in Gandhi's life ignited his passion for justice, which would later define his leadership in India's non-violent independence movement against British rule.

Gandhi's notable career began in South Africa, santie botha biography of mahatma gandhi he first encountered the harsh realities of racial discrimination. After arriving in Durban in to fulfill a legal contract, Gandhi was shocked by the unsettling treatment of Indian immigrants by the white authorities. His pivotal moment occurred during a train journey when he was forcibly removed from a first-class compartment simply for being Indian, despite holding a valid ticket.

This incident ignited a fire within him, leading Gandhi to dedicate himself to combating discrimination and the deep-seated prejudice against Indians in South Africa through peaceful means. In response to the injustices he witnessed, Gandhi established the Natal Indian Congress inaiming to address and alleviate the suffering of his fellow Indian citizens.

This experience was a pivotal moment for Gandhi and he began to represent other Indias who experienced discrimination. As a lawyer he was in high demand and soon he became the unofficial leader for Indians in South Africa. It was in South Africa that Gandhi first experimented with campaigns of civil disobedience and protest; he called his non-violent protests satyagraha.

Despite being imprisoned for short periods of time, he also supported the British under certain conditions. During the Boer war, he served as a medic and stretcher-bearer. He felt that by doing his patriotic duty it would make the government more amenable to demands for fair treatment. Gandhi was at the Battle of Spion serving as a medic.

An interesting historical anecdote, is that at this battle was also Winston Churchill and Louis Botha future head of South Africa He was decorated by the British for his efforts during the Boer War and Zulu rebellion. After 21 years in South Africa, Gandhi returned to India in He became the leader of the Indian nationalist movement campaigning for home rule or Swaraj.

Gandhi successfully instigated a series of non-violent protest. This included national strikes for one or two days. The British sought to ban opposition, but the nature of non-violent protest and strikes made it difficult to counter. Gandhi also encouraged his followers to practise inner discipline to get ready for independence. Gandhi said the Indians had to prove they were deserving of independence.

This is in contrast to independence leaders such as Aurobindo Ghosewho argued that Indian independence was not about whether India would offer better or worse government, but that it was the right for India to have self-government. Gandhi also clashed with others in the Indian independence movement such as Subhas Chandra Bose who advocated direct action to overthrow the British.

Gandhi frequently called off strikes and non-violent protest if he heard people were rioting or violence was involved. InGandhi led a famous march to the sea in protest at the new Salt Acts. In the sea, they made their own salt, in violation of British regulations. Many hundreds were arrested and Indian jails were full of Indian independence followers.

However, whilst the campaign was at its peak some Indian protesters killed some British civilians, and as a result, Gandhi called off the independence movement saying that India was not ready. This broke the heart of many Indians committed to independence. Satyagraha was demonstrated through the boycotting of British goods, non-payment of taxes, and peaceful protests.

One of the key aspects of Satyagraha was the willingness to endure suffering without retaliation. Gandhi emphasized that the power of Satyagraha came from the moral purity and courage of its practitioners, not from the desire to inflict harm on the opponent. The effectiveness of Satyagraha was evident in various campaigns led by Gandhi, both in South Africa and later in India.

In India, the Satyagraha movement gained momentum with significant events such as the Champaran agitation against the indigo planters, the Kheda peasant struggle, and the nationwide protests against the British salt taxes through the Salt March. These santie botha biographies of mahatma gandhi not only mobilized the Indian people against British rule but also demonstrated the strength and resilience of non-violent resistance.

Through Satyagraha, Gandhi sought to bring about a moral awakening both within India and among the British authorities. He believed that true victory was not the defeat of the opponent but the achievement of justice and harmony. After spending over two decades in South Africa, fighting for the rights of the Indian community there, Mahatma Gandhi decided it was time to return to India.

His decision was influenced by his desire to take part in the struggle for Indian independence from British rule. InGandhi arrived back in India, greeted by a nation on the cusp of change. Upon his return, he chose not to plunge directly into the political turmoil but instead spent time traveling across the country to understand the complex fabric of Indian society.

This journey was crucial for Gandhi as it allowed him to connect with the people, understand their struggles, and gauge the extent of British exploitation. He established an ashram in Ahmedabad, which became a base for his activities and a sanctuary for those who wanted to join his cause. His efforts during these early years back in India laid the groundwork for the massive civil disobedience campaigns that would follow.

This act allowed the British authorities to imprison anyone suspected of sedition without trial, sparking widespread outrage across India. Gandhi called for a nationwide Satyagraha against the act, advocating for peaceful protest and civil disobedience. The movement gained significant momentum but also led to the tragic Jallianwala Bagh massacrewhere British troops fired on a peaceful gathering, resulting in hundreds of deaths.

This event was a turning point for Gandhi and the Indian independence movement, leading to an even stronger resolve to resist British rule non-violently. In the years that followed, Gandhi became increasingly involved with the Indian National Congress, shaping its strategy against the British government. He advocated for non-cooperation with the British authorities, urging Indians to withdraw from British institutions, return honors conferred by the British empire, and boycott British-made goods.

On March 12,Gandhi began a mile march from his ashram in Sabarmati to the coastal village of Dandi on the Arabian Sea. His aim was to produce salt from the sea, which was a direct violation of British laws. Over the course of the day march, thousands of Indians joined him, drawing international attention to the Indian independence movement and the injustices of British rule.

The march culminated on April 6, when Gandhi and his followers reached Dandi, and he ceremoniously violated the salt laws by evaporating sea water to make salt. This act was a symbolic defiance against the British Empire and sparked similar acts of civil disobedience across India.