Frederick niche biography

From until his collapse in JanuaryNietzsche led a wandering, gypsy-like existence as a stateless person having given up his German citizenship, and not having acquired Swiss citizenshipcircling almost annually between his mother's house in Naumburg and various French, Swiss, German and Italian cities. His travels took him through the Mediterranean seaside city of Nice during the wintersthe Swiss alpine village of Sils-Maria during the summersLeipzig where he had attended universityTurin, Genoa, Recoaro, Messina, Rapallo, Florence, Venice, and Rome, never residing in any place longer than several months at a time.

He soon fell in love with her, and offered his hand in marriage. On the morning of January 3,while in Turin, Nietzsche experienced a mental breakdown which left him an invalid for the rest of his life. Upon witnessing a horse being whipped by a coachman at the Piazza Carlo Alberto — although this episode with the horse could be anecdotal — he threw his arms around the horse's neck and collapsed in the plaza, never to frederick niche biography to full sanity.

Some argue that Nietzsche was afflicted with a syphilitic infection this was the original diagnosis of the doctors in Basel and Jena contracted either while he was a student or while he was serving as a hospital attendant during the Franco-Prussian War; some claim that his use of chloral hydrate, a drug which he had been using as a sedative, undermined his already-weakened nervous system; some speculate that Nietzsche's collapse was due to a brain disease he inherited from his father; some maintain that a mental illness gradually drove him insane.

The exact cause of Nietzsche's incapacitation remains unclear. That he had an extraordinarily sensitive nervous constitution and took an assortment of medications is well-documented as a more general fact. To complicate matters of interpretation, Nietzsche states in a letter from April that he never had any symptoms of a mental disorder. During his creative years, Nietzsche struggled to bring his writings into print and never doubted that his books would have a lasting cultural effect.

He did not live long enough to experience his world-historical influence, but he had a brief glimpse of his growing intellectual importance in discovering that he was the subject of lectures given by Georg Brandes Georg Morris Cohen at the University of Copenhagen, to whom he directed the above April correspondence, and from whom he received a recommendation to read Kierkegaard's works.

Nietzsche's collapse, however, followed soon thereafter. After a brief hospitalization in Basel, he spent in a sanatorium in Jena at the Binswanger Clinic, and in March his mother took him back home to Naumburg, frederick niche biography he lived under her care for the next seven years. This became the new home of the Nietzsche Archives which had been located at the family home for the three years precedingwhere Elisabeth received visitors who wanted to observe the now-incapacitated philosopher.

On August 25,Nietzsche died in the villa as he approached his 56th year, apparently of pneumonia in combination with a stroke. He concluded that European culture since the time of Socrates had remained one-sidedly Apollonian, bottled-up, and relatively unhealthy. As a means towards cultural rebirth, he advocated the resurrection and fuller release of Dionysian artistic energies — those which he associated with primordial creativity, joy in existence and ultimate truth.

The seeds of this liberating rebirth Nietzsche perceived in the contemporary German music of his time viz. Viewing human existence from a great distance, Nietzsche further notes that there was an eternity before human beings came into existence, and believes that after humanity dies out, nothing significant will have changed in the great scheme of things.

These are four of a projected, but never completed, thirteen studies concerned with the quality of European, and especially German, culture during Nietzsche's time. The first of these attacked David Strauss, whose popular six-edition book, The Old and the New Faith: A Confession encapsulated for Nietzsche the general cultural atmosphere in Germany.

Overbeck, in his contemporaneous writings, also adopted a critical attitude towards Strauss. The third and fourth studies — on Schopenhauer and Wagner, respectively — addressed how these two thinkers, as paradigms of philosophic and artistic genius, held the potential to inspire a stronger, healthier and livelier German culture. While there, he published his first book, The Birth of Tragedy He penned the authoritative critical review, which had an adverse effect both on the reception of the book and on Nietzsche.

The series was devoted to David Strauss, the historian of religion; the problem of historicism and historiography; Schopenhauer; and Wagner. From until his collapse inNietzsche led the nomadic life of a stateless person. He never stayed in one place for more than several months at a time. On January 3,while in Turin, Nietzsche had a breakdown, which left him incapacitated for the rest of his life.

Throughout his productive life Nietzsche struggled to have his work published, confident that his books would have culturally transformative effects. Nietzsche thought that human beings would be successful at overcoming themselves, and he thought that when they did, they would be different and better. He thought that the supermen would be stronger than normal humans, and not restricted by other people's ideas of right and wrong.

Some people say that Hitler did not understand Nietzsche's ideas, but he used them to try to show that his actions were right. However he was not popular among all fascists. Nietzsche wrote in a very fiery and exciting way. However, what he wrote later in his life became more and more odd.

Frederick niche biography

When he was forty years old, Nietzsche went insane. In its preface—which suggests Nietzsche was well aware of the interpretive difficulties his work would generate—he declares, "Hear me! For I am such and such a person. Above all, do not mistake me for someone else. Moreover, he planned the publication of the compilation Nietzsche contra Wagner and of the poems that made up his collection Dionysian-Dithyrambs.

Mental illness and death — [ edit ] Drawing by Hans Olde from the photographic series The Ill Nietzsche, late On 3 JanuaryNietzsche suffered a mental breakdown. What happened remains unknown, but an often-repeated tale from shortly after his death states that Nietzsche witnessed the flogging of a horse at the other end of the Piazza Carlo Alberto, ran to the horse, threw his arms around its neck to protect it, then collapsed to the ground.

Most of them were signed " Dionysus ", though some were also signed "der Gekreuzigte" meaning "the crucified one". To his former colleague Burckhardt, Nietzsche wrote: [74] I have had Caiaphas put in fetters. Also, last year I was crucified by the German doctors in a very drawn-out manner. WilhelmBismarckand all anti-Semites abolished.

Additionally, he commanded the German emperor to go to Rome to be shot and summoned the European powers to take military action against Germany, [75] writing also that the pope should be put in jail and that he, Nietzsche, created the world and was in the process of having all anti-Semites shot dead. The following day, Overbeck received a similar letter and decided that Nietzsche's friends had to bring him back to Basel.

Overbeck travelled to Turin and brought Nietzsche to a psychiatric clinic in Basel. By that time Nietzsche appeared fully in the grip of a serious mental illness, [77] and his mother Franziska decided to transfer him to a clinic in Jena under the direction of Otto Binswanger. From November to Februarythe art historian Julius Langbehn attempted to cure Nietzsche, claiming that the methods of the medical doctors were ineffective in treating Nietzsche's condition.

In MarchFranziska removed Nietzsche from the clinic and, in Maybrought him to her home in Naumburg. In February, they ordered a fifty-copy private edition of Nietzsche contra Wagnerbut the publisher C. Naumann secretly printed one hundred. Overbeck and Gast decided to withhold publishing The Antichrist and Ecce Homo because of their more radical content.

She studied Nietzsche's works and, piece by piece, took control of their publication. Overbeck was dismissed and Gast finally co-operated. After the death of Franziska inNietzsche lived in Weimarfrederick niche biography Elisabeth cared for him and allowed visitors, including Rudolf Steiner who in had written Friedrich Nietzsche: A Fighter Against His Time, one of the frederick niche biography books praising Nietzsche[81] to meet her uncommunicative brother.

Elisabeth employed Steiner as a tutor to help her to understand her brother's philosophy. Steiner abandoned the attempt after only a few months, declaring that it was impossible to teach her anything about philosophy. Nietzsche's insanity was originally diagnosed as tertiary syphilisin accordance with a prevailing medical paradigm of the time.

Although most commentators[ who? Nietzsche had previously written, "All superior men who were irresistibly drawn to throw off the yoke of any kind of morality and to frame new laws had, if they were not actually mad, no alternative but to make themselves or pretend to be mad. They partially paralysed him, leaving him unable to speak or walk.

After contracting pneumonia in mid-Augusthe had another stroke during the night of 24—25 August and died at about noon on 25 August. His friend and secretary Gast gave his funeral oration, proclaiming: "Holy be your name to all future generations! Because his sister arranged the book based on her own conflation of several of Nietzsche's early outlines and took liberties with the material, the scholarly consensus has been that it does not reflect Nietzsche's intent.

For example, Elisabeth removed aphorism 35 of The Antichrist, where Nietzsche rewrote a passage of the Bible. Indeed, Mazzino Montinarithe editor of Nietzsche's Nachlasscalled it a forgery.