Opeyemi enoch biography of mahatma gandhi

He backed off after violence broke out—including the massacre by British-led soldiers of some Indians attending a meeting at Amritsar—but only temporarily, and by he was the most visible figure in the movement for Indian independence. The iconic Indian activist, known for his principle of nonviolent resistance, had humble beginnings and left an outsized legacy.

As part of his nonviolent non-cooperation campaign for home rule, Gandhi stressed the importance of economic independence for India. He particularly advocated the manufacture of khaddar, or homespun cloth, in order to replace imported textiles from Britain. Invested with all the authority of the Indian National Congress INC or Congress PartyGandhi turned the independence movement into a massive organization, leading boycotts of British manufacturers and institutions representing British influence in India, including legislatures and schools.

After sporadic violence broke out, Gandhi announced the end of the resistance movement, to the dismay of his followers. British authorities arrested Gandhi in March and tried him for sedition; he was sentenced to six years in prison but was released in after undergoing an operation for appendicitis. Inafter British authorities made some concessions, Gandhi again called off the resistance movement and agreed to represent the Congress Party at the Round Table Conference in London.

InGandhi announced his retirement from politics in, as well as his resignation from the Congress Party, in order to concentrate his efforts on working within rural communities. But it did give those who lived on the opeyemi enoches biography of mahatma gandhi the right to harvest salt from the sea. Hoping that the agreement would be a stepping-stone to home rule, Gandhi attended the London Round Table Conference on Indian constitutional reform in August as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress.

The conference, however, proved fruitless. The public outcry forced the British to amend the proposal. With his health failing, Gandhi was released after a month detainment in Gandhi played an active role in the negotiations, but he could not prevail in his hope for a unified India. Instead, the final plan called for the partition of the subcontinent along religious lines into two independent states—predominantly Hindu India and predominantly Muslim Pakistan.

Violence between Hindus and Muslims flared even before independence took effect on August 15, Afterwards, the killings multiplied. Gandhi toured riot-torn areas in an appeal for peace and fasted in an attempt to end the bloodshed. Some Hindus, however, increasingly viewed Gandhi as a traitor for expressing sympathy toward Muslims.

InGandhi endured the passing of his father and shortly after that the death of his young baby. A second son was born in India Kasturba gave birth to two more sons while living in South Africa, one in and one in Godse knelt before the Mahatma before pulling out a semiautomatic pistol and shooting him three times at point-blank range. The violent act took the life of a pacifist who spent his life preaching nonviolence.

Godse and a co-conspirator were executed by hanging in November Additional conspirators were sentenced to life in prison. Satyagraha remains one of the most potent philosophies in freedom struggles throughout the world today. Martin Luther King. Winston Churchill. Nelson Mandela. He launched many campaigns to change the status of untouchables.

Although his campaigns were met with much resistance, they did go a long way to changing century-old prejudices. At the age of 78, Gandhi undertook another fast to try and prevent the sectarian killing. After 5 days, the leaders agreed to stop killing. Our life is a long and arduous quest after Truth. Gandhi said his great aim in life was to have a vision of God.

He sought to worship God and promote religious understanding. He sought inspiration from many different religions: Jainism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism and incorporated them into his own philosophy. On several occasions, he used religious practices and fasting as part of his political approach. Gandhi felt that personal example could influence public opinion.

Supplication, worship, prayer are no superstition; they are acts more real than the acts of eating, drinking, sitting or walking. It is no exaggeration to say that they alone are real, all else is unreal. Citation: Pettinger, Tejvan. Last updated 1 Feb Interesting and unusual facts about Mahatma Gandhi. Hindus — Famous Hindus from the era of the Mahabharata to modern day India.

Indians of the Independence Movement. He stood out in his time in history. Non violence as he practised it was part of his spiritual learning usedvas a political tool. I just dipped into this ti find out about the salt march. Gandhi was a lawyer who did not make a good impression as a lawyer. His success and influence was mediocre in law religion and politics.

He rose to prominence by chance. Current impact within India. Not to be confused with the Indian political family Nehru—Gandhi family. Retrieved 24 January P Mahatma Gandhi A Chronology. Publications Division. ISBN The Floating Press. Archived from the original on 29 March Retrieved 29 March Archived from the original on 21 July Retrieved 21 July Identity and Religion: Foundations of anti-Islamism in India.

Sage Publications.

Opeyemi enoch biography of mahatma gandhi

Mohandas Gandhi. Infobase Publishing. The name Gandhi means "grocer", although Mohandas's father and grandfather were politicians not grocers. The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 7 October Retrieved 15 July The Ways and Power of Love: types, factors, and opeyemi enoches biography of mahatma gandhi of moral transformation. Templeton Foundation Press.

Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 19 March Responses to Questions on Hinduism. Paulist Press. Retrieved 16 August Gandhi: A Spiritual Biography. Yale University Press. John Zavos; et al. Public Hinduisms. Orissa Review January : 45— Archived from the original PDF on 1 January Retrieved 23 February The Story of My Experiments with Truth.

Archived from the original on 7 March Retrieved 20 February Gandhi, his life and message for the world. New American Library. Retrieved 4 June Gandhi Before India. Alfred A. Archived from the original on 2 July Nanda Archived from the original on 13 May Retrieved 3 June India Currents. Archived from the original on 16 January Retrieved 16 January Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor.

Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 15 May Mahatma: Tendulkar, Mahatma; life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Archived from the original on 8 June Retrieved 11 August Gandhi — ". Archived from the original on 5 December Retrieved 26 September In Roxanne Reid ed. New History of South Africa 1st ed. The Journal of Modern African Studies.

ISSN X. JSTOR S2CID Mawenzi House Publishers Limited. Archived from the original on 17 March Retrieved 17 March Archived from the opeyemi enoch biography of mahatma gandhi on 9 September Retrieved 17 September Gandhi: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press. Other Places Publishing. Press Information Bureau of India — Archive.

Archived PDF from the original on 28 September Retrieved 18 July Concept Publishing Company. The Literature Network. Archived from the original on 10 November Retrieved 12 February Mathai; M. John; Siby K. Joseph eds. Meditations on Gandhi : a Ravindra Varma festschrift. New Delhi: Concept. Retrieved 8 September Univ of California Press. Retrieved 15 November Encyclopedia of Hinduism.

New York: Facts On File. Retrieved 5 July Stanford University Press. University of California Press. The Wire. Archived from the original on 25 December Retrieved 11 January Minorities and the State in Africa. Cambria Press. Archived from the original on 7 September Retrieved 7 September Retrieved 25 December The Times of India. ISSN Archived from the original on 15 April Philosophy Now.

Archived from the original on 24 March South African Historical Journal. Archived from the original on 2 May Retrieved 20 January Political Science Quarterly. Based on public domain volumes. Day-to-day with Gandhi: secretary's diary. Translated by Hemantkumar Nilkanth. Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan. Archived 15 October at the Wayback Machine Chapter " Appeal for enlistment", Nadiad, 22 June Archived 15 October at the Wayback Machine "Chapter 8.

Letter to J. Maffey", Nadiad, 30 April Satyagraha Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 February Retrieved 5 February Jarboe University of Nebraska. Archived from the original on 21 October Retrieved 16 October Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Indian National Congress website. All India Congress Committee. Archived from the original on 6 December Retrieved 25 February Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics — Bloomsbury Academic.

Archived from the original on 3 February Retrieved 3 February The First World War. Paine Jinnah vs. Rabindranath Tagore heavily criticized Gandhi at the time in private letters They reveal Tagore's belief that Gandhi had committed the Indian political nation to a cause that was mistakenly anti-Western and fundamentally negative. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society.

Psychology Press. Ahmed Retrieved 18 April Orient Blackswan. Archived from the original on 10 July Retrieved 25 August He was arrested on 10 March and was sentenced to prison for six years. Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy. Modern India: — Wipf and Stock Publishers. Archived from the original on 5 October Retrieved 6 August Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House.

Also available at Wikisource. Indian Politics and Society since Independence: events, processes and ideology. Retrieved 4 April Sahitya Akademi. Gandhi and Gandhi and the Mass Movement. New Delhi. Indian Historical Review. City University of New York Press. Gandhi and the Mass Movement. Mahatma Gandhi. Evans Brothers. Retrieved 5 January Hogg Encyclopedia of Group Processes and Intergroup Relations.

English Heritage. Archived from the original on 28 September Archived from the original on 2 October Dirks Princeton University Press. Allied Publishers. Jawaharlal Nehru, A Biography. Archived from the original on 27 May Retrieved 27 May Orissa Review. Archived from the original PDF on 24 December Retrieved 12 April Modern Asian Studies. The Routledge Companion to Inclusive Leadership.

Routledge Companions in Business, Management and Marketing. Retrieved 8 December Policing and Decolonisation: Politics, Nationalism, and the Police, Studies in imperialism. Manchester University Press. India's Struggle for Independence. Penguin Books. A Fine Family. Navajivan Publishing House. Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru: a historic partnership.

Publishing Corporation. End of empire. Retrieved 1 September By the late s, the League and the Congress had impressed in the British their own visions of a free future for Indian people. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 April Retrieved 25 March Propaganda and information in Eastern India, — a necessary weapon of war.

They heard about it on the radio, from relations and friends, by reading newspapers and, later, through government pamphlets. Among a population of almost four hundred million, where the vast majority lived in the countryside, For some, the butchery and forced relocation of the summer months of may have been the first they know about the creation of the two new states rising from the fragmentary and terminally weakened British empire in India.

A History of India. Archived from the original on 23 December Retrieved 6 June Divide and Quit. A concise history of modern India. Random House Digital, Inc. His decision was made suddenly, though after considerable thought — he gave no hint of it even to Nehru and Patel who were with him shortly before he announced his intention at a prayer-meeting on 12 January He said he would fast until communal peace was restored, real peace rather than the calm of a dead city imposed by police and troops.

Patel and the government took the fast partly as condemnation of their decision to withhold a considerable cash sum still outstanding to Pakistan as a result of the allocation of undivided India's assets because the hostilities that had broken out in Kashmir; But even when the government agreed to pay out the cash, Gandhi would not break his fast: that he would only do after a large number of important politicians and leaders of communal bodies agreed to a joint plan for restoration of normal life in the city.

LCCN Disputes over Kashmir and the division of assets and water in the aftermath of Partition increased Pakistan's anxieties regarding its much larger neighbor. Kashmir's significance for Pakistan far exceeded its strategic value; its "illegal" accession to India challenged the state's ideological foundations and pointed to a lack of sovereign fulfillment.

The "K" in Pakistan's name stood for Kashmir. Of less symbolic significance was the division of post-Partition assets. Not until December was an agreement reached on Pakistan's share of the sterling assets held by the undivided Government of India at the time of independence. The bulk of these million rupees was held back by New Delhi because of the Kashmir conflict and paid only following Gandhi's intervention and fasting.

India delivered Pakistan's military equipment even more tardily, and less than a sixth of thetons of ordnance allotted to Pakistan by the Joint Defence Council was actually delivered. Violence: A History of the British Empire. A few months later, with war-fueled tensions over Kashmir mounting and India refusing to pay Pakistan million rupees, Pakistan's share of Britain's outstanding war debt, Gandhi began to fast.

Lindhardt og Ringhof. Sardar Patel decided, in the middle of Decemberthat the recent financial agreements with Pakistan should not be followed, unless Pakistan ceased to support the raiders. Gandhi was not convinced and he felt—like Mountbatten and Nehru—that the agreed transfer to Pakistan of a cash amount of Rs. Gandhi started a fast unto death, which was officially done to stop communal trouble, especially in Delhi, but "word went round that it was directed against Sardar Patel's decision to withhold the cash balances" Only because of Gandhi's interference, which was soon to cause his death, Sardar Patel gave in and the money was handed over to Pakistan.

Delhi and Chennai: Pearson Education. This last fast seems to have been directed in part also against Patel's increasingly communal attitudes the Home Minister had started thinking in terms of a total transfer of population in the Punjab, and was refusing to honour a prior agreement by which India was obliged to give 55 crores of pre-Partition Government of India financial assets to Pakistan.

The national capital and its surrounding areas are gripped by massacres and the spewing of hate. The two Punjabs on either side of the border are aflame. On 1 Januarya Thai visitor comes and compliments him on India's independence. Indian fears his brother Indian. Is this independence? Gandhi smarts at the Government of India's new cabinet headed by Jawaharlal Nehru deciding to withhold the transfer of Pakistan's share Rs 55 crores of the 'sterling balance' that undivided India has held at independence.

The attack on Kashmur is cited as a reason for this. Patel says India cannot give money to Pakistan 'for making bullets to be shot at us'. Gandhi's intense agitation settles into an inner quiet on 12 January when the clear thought comes to him that he must fast. And indefinitely. For further evidence of Patel's involvement in the clearing of Muslims in north India, see Pandey Against the background of the India-Pakistan conflict in Kashmir, the dispute between the two countries over the division of cash balances and Gandhi's fast in earlyMountbatten noted the following of his interview with Patel: 'He expressed the view that the only way to re-establish decent relationship between the Muslims and non-Muslim communities was to remove Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan and drive out the Muslims of the East Punjab and the affected neighbouring areas.

Mountbatten Papers, University of Southampton. Blackwell History of the World Series 2nd ed. He undertook a fast not only to restrain those bent on communal reprisal but also to influence the powerful Home Minister, Sardar Patel, who was refusing to share out the assets of the former imperial treasury with Pakistan, as had been agreed. Gandhi's insistence on justice for Pakistan now that the partition was a fact Palgrave Macmillan.

Archived from the original on 12 October